We cite primary and authoritative sources, ESHRE, SART/ASRM, HFEA, national legislation and the EPF FERTIL Atlas, over clinic marketing, and we date every figure. Laws and prices change; if you spot something out of date, the date on each guide tells you when we last checked.
Primary references
- ESHRE — ART in Europe 2019 & 2020 (European registries) Per-cycle, per-transfer and donor-egg pregnancy rates; the gap between registry and marketed figures.
- SART CORS — US national IVF outcomes 2024 & 2022 Live-birth rate by maternal age band, per intended egg retrieval and per transfer.
- ASRM — 2024 US IVF cycle and birth totals National cycle and live-birth context (449,772 cycles, 97,549 live births).
- Shenfield et al. 2010, Human Reproduction 25(6):1361 — ESHRE cross-border care study Why patients travel: legal restriction is the leading driver (~55%, up to 70–80% in restrictive countries).
- Gürtin 2011, RBMO (PMID 21962527) & PMC4221516 — Turkey ART law Turkey bans all donor conception and surrogacy; 2010 law also prohibits travel abroad for donor conception.
- Spain — Law 14/2006 on assisted reproduction Eligibility for single women and female couples (ROPA); strictly anonymous donation; no surrogacy.
- EPF FERTIL Atlas 2024 (European Policy for Reproduction, ESHRE EIM data) Comparative eligibility, donation anonymity and age limits across European countries (Greece, Portugal, Poland and more).
- Greece — Law 4958/2022 Maximum maternal age raised to 54 (permit required 50–54); eligibility for single women.
- HFEA (UK regulator) — donor information & access rules Identity-release donation since 2005; legal access for single women and same-sex couples at licensed clinics.
- US & UK cost baselines (triangulated) US base cycle $12,000–$18,000 plus separate meds/add-ons; UK full cycle ≈ £6,939–£8,314.
Donor-cycle cost figures are advertised prices triangulated across multiple comparison sources, not government or insurer data, and are labelled as estimates throughout the site. Several country profiles (for example North Cyprus, Mexico and Ukraine) are added as we verify them to the same standard.